Policy on Updates, Corrections, and Retractions (Crossmark)

The International Journal of Open Science applies the Crossmark system from Crossref to ensure the traceability and editorial transparency of published articles.

The status of each article can be verified through the Crossmark logo incorporated on the first page of the PDF and on the article’s webpage.

Updates may include the following types:

Minor Corrections

• Changes in names, affiliations, metadata, formatting, symbols, or images.

• Do not alter the findings or scientific interpretation.

• Implemented by replacing the original file and registering the update in Crossmark.

Major Corrections

• Partially affect the interpretation or results.

• A correction notice is published and linked to the original article.

Retractions

• Applied in cases of fraud, plagiarism, duplicate publication, or serious errors that invalidate the content.

• A retraction notice is published while keeping the original version accessible, clearly marked as retracted.

Versions

• If an article is updated with substantial changes, a new version may be generated and linked to the original DOI through Crossmark.

The journal follows the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) to determine the appropriate type of correction in each case.