Cuidados en Enfermería en la infección por COVID-19: y entonces, ¿Cómo procedemos?
Resumen
La epidemia iniciada en diciembre del 2019 en Wuhan, China, ha captado la atención de la comunidad científica internacional debido a la gran cantidad de afectados. El microorganismo fue categorizado como el SARS-CoV2, y su enfermedad asociada, COVID-19.
Actualmente, preocupa la cantidad de información sin sustento científico que circula, la baja adherencia a las recomendaciones realizadas para minimizar la transmisión y la poca experiencia/conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería en el manejo de este tipo de patologías.
Lo anterior, motivó la realización de la presente revisión narrativa, la cual se centró en las bases de datos Pubmed, ScienceDirect y páginas oficiales de organismos como la Organización Mundial de la Salud y los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades.
Citas
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https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/02/as-confirmed-cases-ofcoronavirus-surge-path-growsuncertain/
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https://www.msdmanuals.com/es/professional/enfermedadesinfecciosas/virusrespiratorios/coronavirus-ys%C3%ADndromes-respiratoriosagudos-covid-19,-mers-y-sars
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8. Aguilera R. ¿Revisión sistemática, revisión narrativa o metaanálisis? Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor. 2014; 21(6): 359-360. doi: 10.4321/S1134-
80462014000600010
9. Rother E. Revisão sistemática X revisão narrativa. Acta paulista de enfermagem. 2007; 20(2): 5-6.
10. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat
origin. Nature. 2020; 579: 270-273. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
11. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn S, di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2020.
12. Murillo-Godinez G. Las gotitas de Flügge. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2009; 47(3): 290.
13. Cai J, Sun W, Huang J, Gamber M, Wu J, He G. Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26(6). doi: 10.3201/eid2606.200412.
14. Ridenhour B, Kowalik JM, Shay DK. Unraveling R0: Considerations for Public Health Applications. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104: e32–e41. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301704.
15. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected
Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
16. Gu J., Han B., Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmisión. Gastroenterology. 2020. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054.
17. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, KaiWang K, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person‐to‐person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 514-523. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.
18. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi:
10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
19. Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) in Wuhan, China. Journal of
Medical Virology. 2020; 92(4): 441-447. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25689.
20. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.
Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
21. Tian S, Hu N, Louu J, Chen K, Kang X, Xiang Z, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J infect. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018
22. Velavan T, Meyer C. The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health. 2020; 25(3): 278-280. doi:10.1111/tmi.13383.
23. Wang J, Zhou M, Liu F. Exploring the reasons for healthcare workers infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. J Hosp Infect. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.002.
24. Ye G, Pan Z, Pan Y, Deng Q, Chen L, Li J, et al. Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation. J Infect. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.001.
25. Hamming I, Timens W, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. 2004; 203(2): 631-637. doi:10.1002/path.1570
26. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet. 2020. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8.
27. Soler MJ, Lloveras J, Batle D. Enzima conversiva de la angiotensiva 2 y su papel emergente en la regulación del sistema reninaangiotensina. Med Clín (Barc). 2008; 131(6): 230-236.
28. Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-
nCov. bioRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.01.26.919985.
29. Cai H. Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30117-X
30. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) situation [Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en:
https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/685d0ace521648f8a5beeeee1b9125cd
31. Gimbe – Evidence for Health. Epidemia Coronavirus [Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.gimbe.org/
32. National Institutes Of Health. NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins [Consultado 17 de Marzo 2020].
Disponible en: https://www.nih.gov/newsevents/news-releases/nih-clinicaltrial-investigational-vaccine-covid19-begins
33. Li H, Wang YM, Xu JY, Cao B. [Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020; 43(3): 170-172. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.03.004.
34. Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, Porter DP, Gotte M. The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. JBC. 2020. doi: 10.1074/jbc.AC120.013056.
35. National Library of Medicine –Clinical Trials. Favipiravir Combined With Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 [Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04310228
36. Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, Cao Z, An Y, Gao Y, et al. Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30558-4.
37. Wiley K, Lubejko B. Psychosocial Support for Patients With Cancer During COVID-19 [Consultado 18 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en:
https://voice.ons.org/news-andviews/psychosocial-support-forpatients-with-cancer-during-covid19
38. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. What Healthcare Personnel Should know about Caring for Patients with Confirmed or
Possible COVID-19 Infection [Consultado 17 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/caring-forpatients.html
39. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with
Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings [Consultado 17 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en:
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/20
19-ncov/infection-control/controlrecommendations.html
40. Graham C, Dela Cruz C, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 201(4):
7-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2014P7.
41. Verbeek JH, Ijaz S, Mischke C, Ruotsalainen JH, Mäkelä E, Neuvonen K, et al. Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2016; 4, Art. No.: CD011621. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub2.
42. Wang J, Liu F, Tan JBX, Harbarth S, Pittet D, Zingg W. Implementation of infection prevention and control in acute care hospitals in Mainland China - a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019; 8: 32. doi: 10.1186/s13756-019-0481-y.
43. Infobae. Terapias intensivas al límite en la pandemia: cuántas camas disponibles hay y cuánto cuestan por día [Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.infobae.com/coronavirus/2020/03/18/terapias-intensivasal-limite-en-la-pandemia-cuantascamas-disponibles-hay-y-cuantocuesta-por-dia
44. Clarín. Los números de la pandemia Coronavirus en la Argentina: confirmaron otros 30 casos y ascienden a 158 los infectados
[Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/co
ronavirus-argentina-confirmaron13-casos-capital-aguarda-nuevoparte-nacional_0_yKT2dQZPb.html
45. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Preguntas y respuestas sobre la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). [Consultado 21 de
Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus2019/advice-for-public/q-acoronaviruses
2. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O´Neil N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World Health Organization declares obal emergency: A review of the
2019 novel coronavirus (COVID19). Int J Surg. 2020; 76: 71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034.
3. Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. 2020. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25722.
4. The Harvard Gazette. Coronavirus cases hit 17,400 and are likely to surge [Consultado 15 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en:
https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/02/as-confirmed-cases-ofcoronavirus-surge-path-growsuncertain/
5. Tesini B. Coronavirus y síndromes respiratorios agudos (COVID-19, MERS y SARS) [Consultado 17 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en:
https://www.msdmanuals.com/es/professional/enfermedadesinfecciosas/virusrespiratorios/coronavirus-ys%C3%ADndromes-respiratoriosagudos-covid-19,-mers-y-sars
6. Zhong NS, Zheng BJ, Li YM, Poon LL, Xie ZH, Chan KH, et al. Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February, 2003. Lancet. 2003; 362(9393): 1353-1358. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14630-2.
7. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with
pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 1814–1820. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211721.
8. Aguilera R. ¿Revisión sistemática, revisión narrativa o metaanálisis? Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor. 2014; 21(6): 359-360. doi: 10.4321/S1134-
80462014000600010
9. Rother E. Revisão sistemática X revisão narrativa. Acta paulista de enfermagem. 2007; 20(2): 5-6.
10. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat
origin. Nature. 2020; 579: 270-273. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
11. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn S, di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2020.
12. Murillo-Godinez G. Las gotitas de Flügge. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2009; 47(3): 290.
13. Cai J, Sun W, Huang J, Gamber M, Wu J, He G. Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26(6). doi: 10.3201/eid2606.200412.
14. Ridenhour B, Kowalik JM, Shay DK. Unraveling R0: Considerations for Public Health Applications. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104: e32–e41. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301704.
15. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected
Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
16. Gu J., Han B., Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmisión. Gastroenterology. 2020. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054.
17. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, KaiWang K, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person‐to‐person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 514-523. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.
18. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi:
10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
19. Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) in Wuhan, China. Journal of
Medical Virology. 2020; 92(4): 441-447. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25689.
20. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.
Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
21. Tian S, Hu N, Louu J, Chen K, Kang X, Xiang Z, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J infect. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018
22. Velavan T, Meyer C. The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health. 2020; 25(3): 278-280. doi:10.1111/tmi.13383.
23. Wang J, Zhou M, Liu F. Exploring the reasons for healthcare workers infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. J Hosp Infect. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.002.
24. Ye G, Pan Z, Pan Y, Deng Q, Chen L, Li J, et al. Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation. J Infect. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.001.
25. Hamming I, Timens W, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. 2004; 203(2): 631-637. doi:10.1002/path.1570
26. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet. 2020. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8.
27. Soler MJ, Lloveras J, Batle D. Enzima conversiva de la angiotensiva 2 y su papel emergente en la regulación del sistema reninaangiotensina. Med Clín (Barc). 2008; 131(6): 230-236.
28. Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-
nCov. bioRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.01.26.919985.
29. Cai H. Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30117-X
30. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) situation [Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en:
https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/685d0ace521648f8a5beeeee1b9125cd
31. Gimbe – Evidence for Health. Epidemia Coronavirus [Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.gimbe.org/
32. National Institutes Of Health. NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins [Consultado 17 de Marzo 2020].
Disponible en: https://www.nih.gov/newsevents/news-releases/nih-clinicaltrial-investigational-vaccine-covid19-begins
33. Li H, Wang YM, Xu JY, Cao B. [Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020; 43(3): 170-172. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.03.004.
34. Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, Porter DP, Gotte M. The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. JBC. 2020. doi: 10.1074/jbc.AC120.013056.
35. National Library of Medicine –Clinical Trials. Favipiravir Combined With Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 [Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04310228
36. Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, Cao Z, An Y, Gao Y, et al. Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30558-4.
37. Wiley K, Lubejko B. Psychosocial Support for Patients With Cancer During COVID-19 [Consultado 18 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en:
https://voice.ons.org/news-andviews/psychosocial-support-forpatients-with-cancer-during-covid19
38. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. What Healthcare Personnel Should know about Caring for Patients with Confirmed or
Possible COVID-19 Infection [Consultado 17 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/caring-forpatients.html
39. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with
Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings [Consultado 17 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en:
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/20
19-ncov/infection-control/controlrecommendations.html
40. Graham C, Dela Cruz C, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 201(4):
7-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2014P7.
41. Verbeek JH, Ijaz S, Mischke C, Ruotsalainen JH, Mäkelä E, Neuvonen K, et al. Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2016; 4, Art. No.: CD011621. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub2.
42. Wang J, Liu F, Tan JBX, Harbarth S, Pittet D, Zingg W. Implementation of infection prevention and control in acute care hospitals in Mainland China - a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019; 8: 32. doi: 10.1186/s13756-019-0481-y.
43. Infobae. Terapias intensivas al límite en la pandemia: cuántas camas disponibles hay y cuánto cuestan por día [Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.infobae.com/coronavirus/2020/03/18/terapias-intensivasal-limite-en-la-pandemia-cuantascamas-disponibles-hay-y-cuantocuesta-por-dia
44. Clarín. Los números de la pandemia Coronavirus en la Argentina: confirmaron otros 30 casos y ascienden a 158 los infectados
[Consultado 21 de Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/co
ronavirus-argentina-confirmaron13-casos-capital-aguarda-nuevoparte-nacional_0_yKT2dQZPb.html
45. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Preguntas y respuestas sobre la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). [Consultado 21 de
Marzo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus2019/advice-for-public/q-acoronaviruses
Autores/as
Canova Barrios, C., & Salvador, S. (2020). Cuidados en Enfermería en la infección por COVID-19: y entonces, ¿Cómo procedemos?. Cuidados De Enfermería Y Educación En Salud, 5(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.15443/ceyes.v5i1.1256
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.