La metáfora bélica en la comunicación sobre la crisis sanitaria: un estudio comparativo de su impacto en hispanohablantes y francófonos
Resumen
Las metáforas se utilizan en los medios de comunicación y en el discurso político para conceptualizar fenómenos sociales cruciales como las crisis económicas, la migración o las enfermedades (Nerghes et al., 2015; Semino et al., 2018). La metáfora tiene una importancia significativa en la comunicación pública, ya que establece vínculos entre diferentes dominios conceptuales, lo que permite a un individuo dar sentido metafórico a su experiencia social. Investigaciones anteriores han revelado que las diferentes metáforas utilizadas para representar el mismo fenómeno pueden influir sustancialmente en cómo los individuos razonan, sienten y actúan (Nicaise, 2014; Thibodeau y Boroditsky, 2015; Doquin de Saint-Preux y Masid, 2021). Este estudio examina el uso de metáforas bélicas para conceptualizar la pandemia de la COVID-19, comparando el impacto emocional, las opiniones, la toma de decisiones, los miedos asociados al virus y factores positivos derivados de la pandemia en dos grupos de 116 hispanohablantes y 116 francófonos. Los resultados destacan el impacto negativo del uso de este dominio metafórico en el estado psicológico de la población, así como las notables diferencias significativas de percepción entre francófonos e hispanohablantes para todas las variables estudiadas. En general, se observa que en todos los casos la media es más alta en los hispanohablantes. En consonancia con trabajos anteriores (Kövecses, 2005), se afirma que las diferencias culturales y lingüísticas podrían afectar significativamente a la percepción y el impacto de las mismas metáforas conceptuales en distintas lenguas. Este estudio contribuye a profundizar en la comprensión de los mecanismos cognitivos subyacentes al efecto de las metáforas sobre el comportamiento humano y ofrece perspectivas para una comunicación más eficaz y empática en futuras crisis mundiales.
Citas
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Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time. Cognitive psychology, 43(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.2001.0748
Casasanto, D., & Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition, 106(2), 579-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.004
Chamizo Domínguez, P. J. (2005): La metáfora (semántica y pragmática). http://www.ensayistas.org/critica/retorica/chamizo/index.htm
Cienki, A. & Müller, C. (2008). Metaphor, gesture, and thought. En R. W. Gibbs, Jr. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought (pp. 483–501). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816802.029
Cox, J. L. (2012). Politics in Motion: Barack Obama's Use of Movement Metaphors. American Communication Journal, 14 (2).
Craig, D. (2020). Pandemic and its metaphors: Sontag revisited in the COVID-19 era. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(6), 1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420938403
De Leersnyder, J., Mesquita, B. & Kim, H. S. H. (2011). Where Do My Emotions Belong? A Study of Immigrants' Emotional Acculturation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(4), 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211399103
Doquin de Saint Preux, A. & Masid Blanco, O. (2021). The power of conceptual metaphors in the age of pandemic: The influence of the WAR and SPORT domains on emotions and thoughts. Language & Communication, 81, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2021.08.003
Flusberg, S. J., Matlock, T. & Thibodeau, P. H. (2018). War metaphors in public discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 33(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2018.1407992
Fuhrman, O. & Boroditsky, L. (2010). Cross-Cultural Differences in Mental Representations of Time: Evidence From an Implicit Nonlinguistic Task. Cognitive science, 34 (8), 1430-1451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01105.x
Gibbs, R. W., Jr. & Franks, H. (2002). Embodied Metaphor In Women's Narratives About Their Experiences With Cancer. Health Communication, 14(2), 139-165. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327027HC1402_1
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Gibbs, R. W., Jr. (2014). Conceptual metaphor in thought and social action. En M. Landau, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), The power of metaphor: Examining its influence on social life (pp. 17-40). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14278-002
Gallego-García, M., Doquin de Saint-Preux, A. & Buyse, K. (2020). Aculturación emocional en hablantes de español como lengua de herencia: adaptación del Emotional Patterns Questionnaire y diseño del Cuestionario de experiencias emocionales. En Perspectivas actuales en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de lenguas en contextos multiculturales/Current Perspectives in Language Teaching and Learning in Multicultural Contexts (pp. 193–230). Cizur Menor: Civitas Thomson Reuters.
Hauser, D. J., & Schwarz, N. (2015). The war on prevention: Bellicose cancer metaphors hurt (some) prevention intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214557006
Heradstveit, D., & Bonham, M. G. (2007). What the axis of evil metaphor did to Iran. The Middle East Journal, 61(3), 421-440. https://doi.org/10.3751/61.3.12
Isaacs, D. & Priesz, M. A. (2021). COVID-19 and the metaphor of war. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 57(1), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15164
Kövecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. (1996). Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think. University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphor we live by. University of Chicago Press.
Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D. & Greenberg, J. (2009). Evidence that self-relevant motives and metaphoric framing interact to influence political and social attitudes. Psychological Science, 20, 1421-1427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02462.x
Lee, S. W. S. & Schwarz, N. (2014). Metaphor in judgment and decision making. En M. Landau, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), The power of metaphor: Examining its influence on social life (pp. 85-108). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14278-005
Lugo-Candelas, C. I., Harvey, E.A. & Breaux, R.P. (2015). Emotion Socialization Practices in Latina and European American Mothers of Preschoolers with Behavior Problems. Journal of Family Studies, 21(2), 144-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2015.1020982
Magaña, D., Durazo, A., Ramos, L. & Matlock, T. (2023). An analysis of metaphor in COVID-19 TV news in English and Spanish. Journal of Communication in Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2023.2255417
Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H. & Nakagawa, S. (2008). Culture, Emotion Regulation, and Adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 925-937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.925
Masid Blanco, O. (2019). La metáfora. Arco/Libros.
Musolff, A. (2022). “World-beating” pandemic responses: ironical, sarcastic, and satirical use of war and competition metaphors in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Metaphor and Symbol, 37, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1932505
Negro, I. (2021). Les métaphores du virus COVID-19 dans les discours d'Emmanuel Macron et de Pedro Sánchez. Cedille, 595-613. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.cedille.2021.19.24
Nerghes, A., Hellsten, I. & Groenewegen, P. (2015). A toxic crisis: metaphorizing the financial crisis. International Journal of Communication, 9, 106–132.
Newell, B. R. & Bröder, A. (2008). Cognitive processes, models and metaphors in decision research. Judgment and Decision Making, 3(3), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500002400
Nicaise, L. (2014). The market as a rational and responsible human being: measuring the impact of metaphor on financial decisions. Metaphor and the Social World, 4, 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.4.1.05nic
Olza, I., Koller, V., Ibarretxe-Antuñano, I., Pérez-Sobrino, P. & Semino, E. (2021). The #ReframeCovid initiative: from Twitter to society via metaphor. Metaphor and the Social World, 11(1), 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.00013.olz
Orbegozo Terradillos, J. & González-Abrisketa, M. (2021). Palabra de guerra. El caso de la narrativa bélica de Pedro Sánchez ante la pandemia COVID-19. En Sección especial: Hacia una sociología del COVID-19. Epidemias, biorriesgos y la sociedad del coronavirus. Digithum, 27, pp. 1-11). Universitat Oberta de Catalunya y Universidad de Antioquia. https://doi.org/10.7238/d.v0i27.377481
Oswick, C., Grant, D. & Oswick, R. (2020). Categories, Crossroads, Control, Connectedness, Continuity, and Change: A Metaphorical Exploration of COVID-19. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 56(3), 284-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320936257
Paris, R. (2002). Kosovo and the metaphor war. Political Science Quarterly, 117(3), 423-450. https://doi.org/10.2307/798263
Pérez-García, E., & Sánchez, M. J. (2019). Emotions as a linguistic category: perception and expression of emotions by Spanish EFL students. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 33(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2019.1630422
Reuchamps, M., Dodeigne, J. & Perrez, J. (2018). Changing your political mind: The impact of a metaphor on citizen’s representations and preferences for federalism. Regional & Federal Studies, 28(2), 151-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2018.1433663
Rohela, P., Bhan, A., Ravindranath, D., Bose, D. L. & Pathare, S. (2020). Must there be a “war” against coronavirus? Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 3. https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.070
Sabucedo, J. M., Alzate, M. & Hur, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the metaphor of war (COVID-19 y la metáfora de la guerra). International Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 618-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1783840
Sánchez Rivera, S. L. (2020). ¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de amor? Un análisis a las metáforas del amor en algunas canciones de pop rock en español. Lingüística y Literatura, 41(77), 106–125. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.lyl.n77a05
Scherer, A. M., Scherer, L. D. & Fagerlin, A. (2015). Getting ahead of illness: Using metaphors to influence medical decision making. Medical Decision Making, 35(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X14522547
Semino, E. (2021). Not soldiers but fire-fighters–metaphors and Covid-19. Health Communication, 36, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1844989
Semino, E., Demjén, Z. & Demmen, J. (2018). An integrated approach to metaphor and framing in cognition, discourse, and practice, with an application to metaphors for cancer. Applied linguistics, 39(5), 625-645. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw028
Thibodeau, P. H. & Boroditsky, L. (2011). Metaphors We Think with: The Role of Metaphor in Reasoning. PLoS ONE, 6(2), e16782. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016782
Thibodeau, P. H. & Boroditsky, L. (2015). Measuring Effects of Metaphor in a Dynamic Opinion Landscape. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0133939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133939
Thibodeau, P. H., Matlock, T. & Flusberg, S. J. (2019). The role of metaphor in communication and thought. Language and Linguistics Compass, 13(5), e12327. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12327
Wagener, A. (2020). Crushed by the Wheels of Industry: War, Heroes, and Domestic Recolonization in the Time of Covid-19. Postdigital Science and Education, 1, 576-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00140-5
Walker, I. F. (2020). Beyond the military metaphor. Medicine Anthropology Theory, 7(2), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.7.2.806
Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time. Cognitive psychology, 43(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.2001.0748
Casasanto, D., & Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition, 106(2), 579-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.004
Chamizo Domínguez, P. J. (2005): La metáfora (semántica y pragmática). http://www.ensayistas.org/critica/retorica/chamizo/index.htm
Cienki, A. & Müller, C. (2008). Metaphor, gesture, and thought. En R. W. Gibbs, Jr. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought (pp. 483–501). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816802.029
Cox, J. L. (2012). Politics in Motion: Barack Obama's Use of Movement Metaphors. American Communication Journal, 14 (2).
Craig, D. (2020). Pandemic and its metaphors: Sontag revisited in the COVID-19 era. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(6), 1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420938403
De Leersnyder, J., Mesquita, B. & Kim, H. S. H. (2011). Where Do My Emotions Belong? A Study of Immigrants' Emotional Acculturation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(4), 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211399103
Doquin de Saint Preux, A. & Masid Blanco, O. (2021). The power of conceptual metaphors in the age of pandemic: The influence of the WAR and SPORT domains on emotions and thoughts. Language & Communication, 81, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2021.08.003
Flusberg, S. J., Matlock, T. & Thibodeau, P. H. (2018). War metaphors in public discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 33(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2018.1407992
Fuhrman, O. & Boroditsky, L. (2010). Cross-Cultural Differences in Mental Representations of Time: Evidence From an Implicit Nonlinguistic Task. Cognitive science, 34 (8), 1430-1451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01105.x
Gibbs, R. W., Jr. & Franks, H. (2002). Embodied Metaphor In Women's Narratives About Their Experiences With Cancer. Health Communication, 14(2), 139-165. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327027HC1402_1
Gibbs, R. W., Jr. (2008). Metaphor and thought: The state of the art. En R. W. Gibbs, Jr. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought (pp. 3-13). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816802.002
Gibbs, R. W., Jr. (2014). Conceptual metaphor in thought and social action. En M. Landau, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), The power of metaphor: Examining its influence on social life (pp. 17-40). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14278-002
Gallego-García, M., Doquin de Saint-Preux, A. & Buyse, K. (2020). Aculturación emocional en hablantes de español como lengua de herencia: adaptación del Emotional Patterns Questionnaire y diseño del Cuestionario de experiencias emocionales. En Perspectivas actuales en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de lenguas en contextos multiculturales/Current Perspectives in Language Teaching and Learning in Multicultural Contexts (pp. 193–230). Cizur Menor: Civitas Thomson Reuters.
Hauser, D. J., & Schwarz, N. (2015). The war on prevention: Bellicose cancer metaphors hurt (some) prevention intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214557006
Heradstveit, D., & Bonham, M. G. (2007). What the axis of evil metaphor did to Iran. The Middle East Journal, 61(3), 421-440. https://doi.org/10.3751/61.3.12
Isaacs, D. & Priesz, M. A. (2021). COVID-19 and the metaphor of war. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 57(1), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15164
Kövecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. (1996). Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think. University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphor we live by. University of Chicago Press.
Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D. & Greenberg, J. (2009). Evidence that self-relevant motives and metaphoric framing interact to influence political and social attitudes. Psychological Science, 20, 1421-1427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02462.x
Lee, S. W. S. & Schwarz, N. (2014). Metaphor in judgment and decision making. En M. Landau, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), The power of metaphor: Examining its influence on social life (pp. 85-108). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14278-005
Lugo-Candelas, C. I., Harvey, E.A. & Breaux, R.P. (2015). Emotion Socialization Practices in Latina and European American Mothers of Preschoolers with Behavior Problems. Journal of Family Studies, 21(2), 144-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2015.1020982
Magaña, D., Durazo, A., Ramos, L. & Matlock, T. (2023). An analysis of metaphor in COVID-19 TV news in English and Spanish. Journal of Communication in Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2023.2255417
Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H. & Nakagawa, S. (2008). Culture, Emotion Regulation, and Adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 925-937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.925
Masid Blanco, O. (2019). La metáfora. Arco/Libros.
Musolff, A. (2022). “World-beating” pandemic responses: ironical, sarcastic, and satirical use of war and competition metaphors in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Metaphor and Symbol, 37, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1932505
Negro, I. (2021). Les métaphores du virus COVID-19 dans les discours d'Emmanuel Macron et de Pedro Sánchez. Cedille, 595-613. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.cedille.2021.19.24
Nerghes, A., Hellsten, I. & Groenewegen, P. (2015). A toxic crisis: metaphorizing the financial crisis. International Journal of Communication, 9, 106–132.
Newell, B. R. & Bröder, A. (2008). Cognitive processes, models and metaphors in decision research. Judgment and Decision Making, 3(3), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500002400
Nicaise, L. (2014). The market as a rational and responsible human being: measuring the impact of metaphor on financial decisions. Metaphor and the Social World, 4, 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.4.1.05nic
Olza, I., Koller, V., Ibarretxe-Antuñano, I., Pérez-Sobrino, P. & Semino, E. (2021). The #ReframeCovid initiative: from Twitter to society via metaphor. Metaphor and the Social World, 11(1), 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.00013.olz
Orbegozo Terradillos, J. & González-Abrisketa, M. (2021). Palabra de guerra. El caso de la narrativa bélica de Pedro Sánchez ante la pandemia COVID-19. En Sección especial: Hacia una sociología del COVID-19. Epidemias, biorriesgos y la sociedad del coronavirus. Digithum, 27, pp. 1-11). Universitat Oberta de Catalunya y Universidad de Antioquia. https://doi.org/10.7238/d.v0i27.377481
Oswick, C., Grant, D. & Oswick, R. (2020). Categories, Crossroads, Control, Connectedness, Continuity, and Change: A Metaphorical Exploration of COVID-19. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 56(3), 284-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320936257
Paris, R. (2002). Kosovo and the metaphor war. Political Science Quarterly, 117(3), 423-450. https://doi.org/10.2307/798263
Pérez-García, E., & Sánchez, M. J. (2019). Emotions as a linguistic category: perception and expression of emotions by Spanish EFL students. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 33(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2019.1630422
Reuchamps, M., Dodeigne, J. & Perrez, J. (2018). Changing your political mind: The impact of a metaphor on citizen’s representations and preferences for federalism. Regional & Federal Studies, 28(2), 151-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2018.1433663
Rohela, P., Bhan, A., Ravindranath, D., Bose, D. L. & Pathare, S. (2020). Must there be a “war” against coronavirus? Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 3. https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.070
Sabucedo, J. M., Alzate, M. & Hur, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the metaphor of war (COVID-19 y la metáfora de la guerra). International Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 618-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1783840
Sánchez Rivera, S. L. (2020). ¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de amor? Un análisis a las metáforas del amor en algunas canciones de pop rock en español. Lingüística y Literatura, 41(77), 106–125. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.lyl.n77a05
Scherer, A. M., Scherer, L. D. & Fagerlin, A. (2015). Getting ahead of illness: Using metaphors to influence medical decision making. Medical Decision Making, 35(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X14522547
Semino, E. (2021). Not soldiers but fire-fighters–metaphors and Covid-19. Health Communication, 36, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1844989
Semino, E., Demjén, Z. & Demmen, J. (2018). An integrated approach to metaphor and framing in cognition, discourse, and practice, with an application to metaphors for cancer. Applied linguistics, 39(5), 625-645. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw028
Thibodeau, P. H. & Boroditsky, L. (2011). Metaphors We Think with: The Role of Metaphor in Reasoning. PLoS ONE, 6(2), e16782. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016782
Thibodeau, P. H. & Boroditsky, L. (2015). Measuring Effects of Metaphor in a Dynamic Opinion Landscape. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0133939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133939
Thibodeau, P. H., Matlock, T. & Flusberg, S. J. (2019). The role of metaphor in communication and thought. Language and Linguistics Compass, 13(5), e12327. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12327
Wagener, A. (2020). Crushed by the Wheels of Industry: War, Heroes, and Domestic Recolonization in the Time of Covid-19. Postdigital Science and Education, 1, 576-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00140-5
Walker, I. F. (2020). Beyond the military metaphor. Medicine Anthropology Theory, 7(2), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.7.2.806
Autores/as
Masid Blanco , O. ., & Doquin de Saint Preux, A. (2026). La metáfora bélica en la comunicación sobre la crisis sanitaria: un estudio comparativo de su impacto en hispanohablantes y francófonos. Logos: Revista De Lingüística, Filosofía Y Literatura, 36(1), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.15443/RL3621
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
