La risa en noticias de cambio climático con perspectiva de género
Resumen
Aunque abundan las investigaciones sobre el papel del género en discursos sobre el cambio climático, el enfoque analítico discursivo del estudio de las ideologías e identidades de género en la opinión popular sobre el cambio climático son escasos. En este contexto, el presente estudio, analiza la risa como recurso lingüístico y práctica discursiva recurrente en respuestas a comentarios gatilladores en noticias que relacionan explícitamente el cambio climático con las mujeres en dos diarios online de Chile (Emol y La Tercera) durante los años 2019-2024. Para interpretar la funcionalidad pragmática de la risa en este contexto, analizamos su forma y patrones de ocurrencia, así como también el contenido y los patrones discursivos de los comentarios que la gatillan. El estudio utiliza la teoría del posicionamiento como marco teórico y se guía por las directrices de la netnografía humanista al adoptar un enfoque crítico del estudio discursivo de las ideologías de género vis-à-vis los posicionamientos construidos por los comentaristas. El análisis lingüístico adopta los principios de la tradición discursiva de la Sociolingüística Interaccional que se complementa con la teoría del posicionamiento para comprender la identidad como una construcción social. Los hallazgos muestran que en el contexto de estas noticias el uso de la risa se aleja de su potencialidad humorística, e incluso de su uso sarcástico o irónico, destacándose como mitigador de burlas, comentarios extremistas e insultos, entre otros. Teniendo esto en cuenta, focalizamos parte del debate en el análisis de la autoridad epistémica de los comentarios de opinión pública en contextos virtuales. En nuestras conclusiones, reflexionamos sobre la influencia de la construcción discursiva de las ideologías de género vinculadas al rol de las mujeres en el debate nacional más amplio sobre la crisis ambiental.
Citas
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Allison, K., Bussey, K. y Sweller, N. (2019). 'I'm going to hell for laughing at this' Norms, Humour, and the Neutralisation of Aggression in Online Communities. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 1-25.
Arora-Jonsson, S. (2011). Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 744-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.005
Bamberg, M. y Georgakopoulou, A. (2008). Small stories as a new perspective in narrative and identity analysis. Text & Talk, 29, 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2008.018
Becci, I. y Grandjean, A. (2018). Tracing the absence of a feminist agenda in gendered spiritual ecology: ethnographies in French-speaking Switzerland. Antropologia, 5(1 NS), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.14672/ada2018138523-38
Carpio, A. (2010). La risa: elemento regulador del flujo conversacional. InterSedes, 11(20).
Davies, B. y Harré, R. (1990). Positioning: The discursive production of selves. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 20(1), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x
de Wit, S. (2021). Gender and climate change as new development tropes of vulnerability for the Global South: essentializing gender discourses in Maasailand, Tanzania. Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society, 4(1), 1984638. https://doi.org/10.1080/25729861.2021.1984638
Diegoli, E. (2024). ‘Only idiots get vaccinated w’: A corpus-assisted analysis of laughter-text in Japanese online (anti-)vaccination discourses. Journal of Corpora and Discourse Studies, 7(1): 210-232. https://doi.org/10.18573/jcads.112
Ferreira, D. y Chimenti, P. (2022). Netnografía: desvendando as narrativas humanas em um mundo digital. ReMark – Revista Brasileira De Marketing, 21(4), 1433-1479. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v21i4.22726
Fløttum, K. y Gjerstad, Ø. (2017). Narratives in climate change discourse. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(1), e429. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.429
Ford, A. y Norgaard, K. (2020). Whose everyday climate cultures? Environmental subjectivities and invisibility in climate change discourse. Climatic Change, 163(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02632-1
Forti, L. R., Travassos, M. L. D. O., Coronel-Bejarano, D., Miranda, D. F., Souza, D., Sabino, J. y Szabo, J. K. (2023). Posts supporting anti-environmental policy in Brazil are shared more on social media. Environmental Management, 71(6), 1188-1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01757-x
Gay-Antaki, M. (2020). Feminist geographies of climate change: Negotiating gender at climate talks. Geoforum, 115, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.012
Gjerstad, Ø. y Fløttum, K. (2021). Climate change lifestyle narratives among Norwegian citizens: A linguistic analysis of survey discourse. European Policy Analysis, 7, 386-404. https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1122
Goffman, E. (1955). On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction. Psychiatry, 18(3), 213-31.
Gumperz, J. (2015). Interactional Sociolinguistics A personal perspective. En D. Tannen, H. Hamilton y D. Schiffrin (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 309-323). John Wiley.
Hanks, E. y Egbert, J. (2022). The interplay of laughter and communicative purpose in conversational discourse: A corpus-based study of British English. Corpus Pragmatics, 6(4), 261-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41701-022-00128-5
Harley, R. (2017). Risa y argumentación: algunos ejemplos en la literatura latina. Pensamiento Actual, 17(28), 208-223. https://doi.org/10.15517/pa.v17i28.29554
Holt, E. (2012). Using Laugh Responses to Defuse Complaints. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 45(4), 430-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2012.726886
Hübler, M. y Bell, D. (2003). Computer-mediated humor and ethos: Exploring threads of constitutive laughter in online communities. Computers and Composition, 20(3), 277-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8755-4615(03)00036-7
Jaworski, A. y Coupland, J. (2005). Othering in gossip:“You go out you have a laugh and you can pull yeah okay but like…”. Language in Society, 34(5), 667-694. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404505050256
König, K. (2019). Stance taking with ‘laugh’ particles and emojis–Sequential and functional patterns of ‘laughter’ in a corpus of German WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics, 142, 156-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.008
Krohn, H. (2020). Jajaja, jejeje, jijiji: funciones pragmáticas asociadas con las transcripciones de risa en la comunicación mediada por computadora en español. Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica, (48), 97-120. http://doi.org/10.18172/cif.4405
Lazzaro-Salazar, M. y Graf, E. (2026). Migrant Physicians’ Leadership Styles in Managing Challenging Professional Situations. En V. Sardegna, M. Lazzaro-Salazar y P. Luchini (Eds.), Multicultural Communication in Monolingual, Bilingual and Online Contexts: Theoretical and Pedagogical Implications (pp. 37-54). Springer.
Lazzaro-Salazar, M., Arenas, S., Mundaca, E. A., Saracini, C., Zayts, O. y Lucero, B. (2025). Perceptions of Nature in Cordillera and Urban Settings in Cultural Transitions of Colla Communities From Northern Chile. SAGE Open, 15(2), 21582440251341066. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251341066
Lazzaro-Salazar, M. y Zayts, O. (2023). Migrant doctors’ narratives about patients: A study of professional identity in Chile and Hong Kong. Narrative Inquiry, 33(1), 153-175. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.21038.laz
Lazzaro-Salazar, M. (2017). Ingroups y Outgroups en Quejas: Explorando el Comportamiento Político en el Discurso de las Enfermeras. Logos, 27(2), 319-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.15443/rl2725
Lazzaro-Salazar, M., Marra, M., Holmes, J. y Vine, B. (2015). Doing power and negotiating through disagreement in public meetings. Pragmatics and Society, 6(3), 444-464. https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.6.3.06laz
Manokaran, K. y Nian, O. S. (2020). The functions of e-laughter in WhatsApp conversations among students. Platform: A Journal of Management and Humanities, 3(2), 55-80.
McKay, I. (2020). Some distributional patterns in the use of typed laughter-derived expressions on Twitter. Journal of Pragmatics, 166, 97-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2020.05.009
McKay, I. (2015). Laughing with Letters: A Corpus Investigation of the Use of Written Laughter on Twitter. Tesis senior. University of Michigan.
Mozo, A., Piera, E., Mosteo, F. y Duran, A. (2004). La teoría del posicionamiento como herramienta para el análisis de los entornos virtuales. Scripta Nova: Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 8.
Munguía Zatarain, M. (2012). De la hostilidad a la exaltación: valoraciones históricas de la risa: resonancias éticas y estéticas. En C. Gidi (Ed.), Risa: luces y sombras: estudios disciplinarios (pp. 43-60). Bonilla Artigas Editores.
Nicholls, C. (2020). Online humour, cartoons, videos, memes, jokes and laughter in the epoch of the coronavirus. Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture, (10), 274-318. https://doi.org/10.18778/2083-2931.10.17
Panichelli-Batalla, S. (2020). Laughter in oral histories of displacement:“One goes on a mission to solve their problems”. The Oral History Review, 47(1), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940798.2020.1723425
Pano Alamán, A. (2023). Encuadres discursivos sobre el cambio climático en la comunicación política española en Twitter. Cuadernos AISPI: Estudios de Lenguas y Literaturas Hispánicas, 22(2), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.14672/2.2023.2308
Partington, A. (2006). The linguistics of laughter: A corpus-assisted study of laughter-talk. Routledge.
Pearse, R. (2017). Gender and climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(2), e451. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.451
Piñeiro-Otero, T. y Martínez-Rolán, X. (2021). Eso no me lo dices en la calle. Análisis del discurso del odio contra las mujeres en Twitter. Profesional de la Información, 30(5), e300402. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.sep.02
Reeves, J., Gunter, G., Braga, J., y Racilan, M. (2022). Using the Community of Inquiry framework to analyze emojis as an emerging language in an online educational experience via WhatsApp. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada, 38(2), 202238252396. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-460X202238252396
Rothe, D. (2017). Gendering resilience: Myths and stereotypes in the discourse on climate‐induced migration. Global Policy, 8, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12400
Schwarzenegger, C., & Wagner, A. J. (2018). Can it be hate if it is fun? Discursive ensembles of hatred and laughter in extreme right satire on Facebook. Studies in Communication and Media, 7(4), 473–498. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-473
Ullah, I., Mukhtayar, M., Zahir, K., & Aziz, L. (2025). The impact of semantic ambiguity on social media jokes: A study of wordplay and relevance theory. Social Science Review Archives, 3(1), 725-736. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i1.356
Ulloa-López, P. y Rasales, K. (2025). Construcción de imaginarios a partir del consumo de redes sociales: género y política. Caso de estudio: jóvenes de Ecuador. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 10: 01-18. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-1027
Van De Mieroop, D. y Schnurr, S. (2014). Negotiating meaning and co-constructing institutionalisable answers: Leadership through gate-keeping in performance appraisal interviews. Journal of Pragmatics, 67, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.03.008
Al-Jahdali, N. (2022). Laughing Online: A Morpho-Semantic Study on Typed Laughter-Derived Expressions Used in Hijazi Twitter and WhatsApp Instant Messages. International Journal of Linguistics, 14(4), 88-119. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v14i4.20160
Allison, K., Bussey, K. y Sweller, N. (2019). 'I'm going to hell for laughing at this' Norms, Humour, and the Neutralisation of Aggression in Online Communities. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 1-25.
Arora-Jonsson, S. (2011). Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 744-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.005
Bamberg, M. y Georgakopoulou, A. (2008). Small stories as a new perspective in narrative and identity analysis. Text & Talk, 29, 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2008.018
Becci, I. y Grandjean, A. (2018). Tracing the absence of a feminist agenda in gendered spiritual ecology: ethnographies in French-speaking Switzerland. Antropologia, 5(1 NS), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.14672/ada2018138523-38
Carpio, A. (2010). La risa: elemento regulador del flujo conversacional. InterSedes, 11(20).
Davies, B. y Harré, R. (1990). Positioning: The discursive production of selves. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 20(1), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x
de Wit, S. (2021). Gender and climate change as new development tropes of vulnerability for the Global South: essentializing gender discourses in Maasailand, Tanzania. Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society, 4(1), 1984638. https://doi.org/10.1080/25729861.2021.1984638
Diegoli, E. (2024). ‘Only idiots get vaccinated w’: A corpus-assisted analysis of laughter-text in Japanese online (anti-)vaccination discourses. Journal of Corpora and Discourse Studies, 7(1): 210-232. https://doi.org/10.18573/jcads.112
Ferreira, D. y Chimenti, P. (2022). Netnografía: desvendando as narrativas humanas em um mundo digital. ReMark – Revista Brasileira De Marketing, 21(4), 1433-1479. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v21i4.22726
Fløttum, K. y Gjerstad, Ø. (2017). Narratives in climate change discourse. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(1), e429. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.429
Ford, A. y Norgaard, K. (2020). Whose everyday climate cultures? Environmental subjectivities and invisibility in climate change discourse. Climatic Change, 163(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02632-1
Forti, L. R., Travassos, M. L. D. O., Coronel-Bejarano, D., Miranda, D. F., Souza, D., Sabino, J. y Szabo, J. K. (2023). Posts supporting anti-environmental policy in Brazil are shared more on social media. Environmental Management, 71(6), 1188-1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01757-x
Gay-Antaki, M. (2020). Feminist geographies of climate change: Negotiating gender at climate talks. Geoforum, 115, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.012
Gjerstad, Ø. y Fløttum, K. (2021). Climate change lifestyle narratives among Norwegian citizens: A linguistic analysis of survey discourse. European Policy Analysis, 7, 386-404. https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1122
Goffman, E. (1955). On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction. Psychiatry, 18(3), 213-31.
Gumperz, J. (2015). Interactional Sociolinguistics A personal perspective. En D. Tannen, H. Hamilton y D. Schiffrin (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 309-323). John Wiley.
Hanks, E. y Egbert, J. (2022). The interplay of laughter and communicative purpose in conversational discourse: A corpus-based study of British English. Corpus Pragmatics, 6(4), 261-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41701-022-00128-5
Harley, R. (2017). Risa y argumentación: algunos ejemplos en la literatura latina. Pensamiento Actual, 17(28), 208-223. https://doi.org/10.15517/pa.v17i28.29554
Holt, E. (2012). Using Laugh Responses to Defuse Complaints. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 45(4), 430-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2012.726886
Hübler, M. y Bell, D. (2003). Computer-mediated humor and ethos: Exploring threads of constitutive laughter in online communities. Computers and Composition, 20(3), 277-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8755-4615(03)00036-7
Jaworski, A. y Coupland, J. (2005). Othering in gossip:“You go out you have a laugh and you can pull yeah okay but like…”. Language in Society, 34(5), 667-694. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404505050256
König, K. (2019). Stance taking with ‘laugh’ particles and emojis–Sequential and functional patterns of ‘laughter’ in a corpus of German WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics, 142, 156-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.008
Krohn, H. (2020). Jajaja, jejeje, jijiji: funciones pragmáticas asociadas con las transcripciones de risa en la comunicación mediada por computadora en español. Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica, (48), 97-120. http://doi.org/10.18172/cif.4405
Lazzaro-Salazar, M. y Graf, E. (2026). Migrant Physicians’ Leadership Styles in Managing Challenging Professional Situations. En V. Sardegna, M. Lazzaro-Salazar y P. Luchini (Eds.), Multicultural Communication in Monolingual, Bilingual and Online Contexts: Theoretical and Pedagogical Implications (pp. 37-54). Springer.
Lazzaro-Salazar, M., Arenas, S., Mundaca, E. A., Saracini, C., Zayts, O. y Lucero, B. (2025). Perceptions of Nature in Cordillera and Urban Settings in Cultural Transitions of Colla Communities From Northern Chile. SAGE Open, 15(2), 21582440251341066. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251341066
Lazzaro-Salazar, M. y Zayts, O. (2023). Migrant doctors’ narratives about patients: A study of professional identity in Chile and Hong Kong. Narrative Inquiry, 33(1), 153-175. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.21038.laz
Lazzaro-Salazar, M. (2017). Ingroups y Outgroups en Quejas: Explorando el Comportamiento Político en el Discurso de las Enfermeras. Logos, 27(2), 319-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.15443/rl2725
Lazzaro-Salazar, M., Marra, M., Holmes, J. y Vine, B. (2015). Doing power and negotiating through disagreement in public meetings. Pragmatics and Society, 6(3), 444-464. https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.6.3.06laz
Manokaran, K. y Nian, O. S. (2020). The functions of e-laughter in WhatsApp conversations among students. Platform: A Journal of Management and Humanities, 3(2), 55-80.
McKay, I. (2020). Some distributional patterns in the use of typed laughter-derived expressions on Twitter. Journal of Pragmatics, 166, 97-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2020.05.009
McKay, I. (2015). Laughing with Letters: A Corpus Investigation of the Use of Written Laughter on Twitter. Tesis senior. University of Michigan.
Mozo, A., Piera, E., Mosteo, F. y Duran, A. (2004). La teoría del posicionamiento como herramienta para el análisis de los entornos virtuales. Scripta Nova: Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 8.
Munguía Zatarain, M. (2012). De la hostilidad a la exaltación: valoraciones históricas de la risa: resonancias éticas y estéticas. En C. Gidi (Ed.), Risa: luces y sombras: estudios disciplinarios (pp. 43-60). Bonilla Artigas Editores.
Nicholls, C. (2020). Online humour, cartoons, videos, memes, jokes and laughter in the epoch of the coronavirus. Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture, (10), 274-318. https://doi.org/10.18778/2083-2931.10.17
Panichelli-Batalla, S. (2020). Laughter in oral histories of displacement:“One goes on a mission to solve their problems”. The Oral History Review, 47(1), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940798.2020.1723425
Pano Alamán, A. (2023). Encuadres discursivos sobre el cambio climático en la comunicación política española en Twitter. Cuadernos AISPI: Estudios de Lenguas y Literaturas Hispánicas, 22(2), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.14672/2.2023.2308
Partington, A. (2006). The linguistics of laughter: A corpus-assisted study of laughter-talk. Routledge.
Pearse, R. (2017). Gender and climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(2), e451. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.451
Piñeiro-Otero, T. y Martínez-Rolán, X. (2021). Eso no me lo dices en la calle. Análisis del discurso del odio contra las mujeres en Twitter. Profesional de la Información, 30(5), e300402. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.sep.02
Reeves, J., Gunter, G., Braga, J., y Racilan, M. (2022). Using the Community of Inquiry framework to analyze emojis as an emerging language in an online educational experience via WhatsApp. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada, 38(2), 202238252396. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-460X202238252396
Rothe, D. (2017). Gendering resilience: Myths and stereotypes in the discourse on climate‐induced migration. Global Policy, 8, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12400
Schwarzenegger, C., & Wagner, A. J. (2018). Can it be hate if it is fun? Discursive ensembles of hatred and laughter in extreme right satire on Facebook. Studies in Communication and Media, 7(4), 473–498. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-473
Ullah, I., Mukhtayar, M., Zahir, K., & Aziz, L. (2025). The impact of semantic ambiguity on social media jokes: A study of wordplay and relevance theory. Social Science Review Archives, 3(1), 725-736. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i1.356
Ulloa-López, P. y Rasales, K. (2025). Construcción de imaginarios a partir del consumo de redes sociales: género y política. Caso de estudio: jóvenes de Ecuador. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 10: 01-18. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-1027
Van De Mieroop, D. y Schnurr, S. (2014). Negotiating meaning and co-constructing institutionalisable answers: Leadership through gate-keeping in performance appraisal interviews. Journal of Pragmatics, 67, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.03.008
Autores/as
Lazzaro-Salazar , M. ., & Carrasco-Jeldres , K. . (2026). La risa en noticias de cambio climático con perspectiva de género. Logos: Revista De Lingüística, Filosofía Y Literatura, 36(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.15443/RL3609
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
