El discurso victimizador hacia los refugiados: estudio asistido por corpus de noticias sobre el movimiento de refugiados sirios
Resumen
Los conflictos internacionales de la última década han provocado la huida de miles de personas de sus países de origen a otros lugares, adoptando el estatus de refugiados o solicitantes de asilo. Este fenómeno migratorio ha sido ampliamente documentado en la prensa escrita española.
Este artículo analiza un corpus de artículos periodísticos en español publicados entre 2010 y 2016 sobre el fenómeno de los refugiados sirios.
Se tomaron como referencia los dos periódicos nacionales más leídos en España, El País y El Mundo, recopilando un corpus de más de 1,8 millones de palabras. A través de un enfoque CADS (estudios de discurso asistidos por corpus), nuestra investigación analiza especialmente cómo se construye la victimización del lema refugiado desde la perspectiva de la preferencia semántica. La victimización se desgrana en diferentes subconjuntos.
Los resultados muestran que el lema refugiado coloca con términos victimizantes que expresan humanitarismo, desgracia y trato injusto, siendo el primer subconjunto el más común.
El lenguaje humanitarista implica aparentemente una actitud positiva hacia los refugiados. Sin embargo, normalmente comporta un discurso asistencialista que refuerza las relaciones de poder entre los asistidos (refugiados) y los que los asisten (país de acogida).
Citas
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Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2017). Opinion Climates in Social Media: Blending Mass and Interpersonal Communication. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12118
O’Halloran, K. (2007). Critical Discourse Analysis and the Corpus-informed Interpretation of Metaphor at the Register Level. Applied Linguistics, 28(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml046
Oficina de Justificación de la Difusión (2012). Medios controlados. Retrieved 8 May 2022, from https://www.ojd.es/medios-controlados.
Oliver, K. (2017). Carceral humanitarianism: Logics of refugee detention. University of Minnesota.
Parker, S. (2015). ‘Unwanted invaders’: The representation of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK and Australian print media. eSharp, 23. 1-21.
Partington, A. (2004). “Utterly Content in Each Other’s Company”: Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9(1). 131-156. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.9.1.07par
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Sinclair, J. (1996). The Search for Units of Meaning. Textus, 9(1). 75-106. https://doi.org/10.1400/23371
Sinclair, J. (1998). The lexical item. In Weigand, E. (Ed.), Contrastive Lexical Semantics(pp. 1-24). John Benjamins.
Stubbs, M. (2001). On inference theories and code theories: Corpus evidence for semantic schemas. Text - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 21(3), 437-465. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.2001.007
Stubbs, M. (2002). Two quantitative methods of studying phraseology in English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 7(2), 215-244. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.7.2.04stu
Taylor, S. (2001). The Importance of Human Rights Talk in Asylum Seeker Advocacy: A Response to Catherine Dauvergne. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 24(1), 191-199.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2021). Global report. Seventy year protecting people forced to flee. Retrieved 30 May 2022, from https://reporting.unhcr.org/globalreport2021/pdf#_ga=2.136129458.2066960499.1658333579-1189679525.1658333579.
Leeuwen, T. V. (2008). Discourse and Practice. New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford University Press.
Whitsitt, S. (2005). A critique of the concept of semantic prosody. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(3), 283-305. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.3.01whi
Xiao, R., & McEnery, T. (2006). Collocation, Semantic Prosody, and Near Synonymy: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Applied Linguistics, 27(1), 103-129. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami045
Communication, 11(2), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317691857
Agustín, L. (2003). Forget victimization: Granting agency to migrants. Development,
46(3), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/10116370030463005
Asociación para la investigación de los medios de comunicación (2017). Encuesta General de Medios. Marco General de los Medios de España. Retrieved 8 June 2022, from https://www.aimc.es/a1mc-c0nt3nt/uploads/2018/02/marco18.pdf.
Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., KhosraviNik, M., Krzyżanowski, M., McEnery, T., & Wodak, R. (2008). A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse & Society, 19(3), 273-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508088962
Bednarek, M. (2008). Semantic preference and semantic prosody re-examined. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt.2008.006
Bosque, I. (2005). Redes Diccionario Combinatorio del Español Contemporáneo. Ediciones SM.
Bublitz, W. (1996). Semantic Prosody and Cohesive Company: Somewhat Predictable. Leuvense Bijdragen, 85, 1-32.
Carroll, G., Herbst, S., Lindeman, M., O’Keefe, G. & Shapiro, R. Y. (2016). Public Opinion. Routledge.
Cerezo, A. I. (2016). El proceso de criminalización y de victimización de los desplazados sirios en Europa. Revista de Victimología / Journal of Victimology, 4, 11-30. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5774202.pdf
Croucher, S. M. (2013). Integrated threat theory and acceptance of immigrant assimilation: An analysis of Muslim immigration in Western Europe. Communication Monographs, 80(1), 46-62.
Dauvergne, C. (2005). Humanitarianism, Identity and Nation: Migration Laws of Australia and Canada. UBC Press.
Esses, V. M., Medianu, S., & Lawson, A. S. (2013). Uncertainty, Threat, and the Role of the Media in Promoting the Dehumanization of Immigrants and Refugees. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 518-536. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12027
Every, D. (2008). A Reasonable, Practical and Moderate Humanitarianism: The Cooption of Humanitarianism in the Australian Asylum Seeker Debates. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 210-229. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen013
García, E., Durán, A., & Cerezo, A. I. (1998). Victimización de mujeres inmigrantes en Málaga. Boletín Criminológico, 33, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.24310/boletincriminologico.1998.v4i.9039
Gómez-Quintero, J. D., Aguerri, J. C. & Gimeno-Monterde C. (2021). Representaciones mediáticas de los menores que migran solos: Los MENA en la prensa española. Comunicar, 66(29), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-08
Goodman, S., Sirriyeh, A., & McMahon, S. (2017). The evolving (re)categorisations of refugees throughout the “refugee/migrant crisis”. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 27(2), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2302
Hier, S. P. & Greenberg, J. L. (2002). News discourse and the problematization of Chinese migration to Canada. In Henry, F. & Tator, C. (Eds.), Discourses of domination (pp. 138–162). University of Toronto Press.
Hoey, M. (2005). Lexical Priming. A new theory of words and language. Routledge.
KhosraviNik, M. (2009). The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in British newspapers during the Balkan conflict (1999) and the British general election (2005). Discourse & Society, 20(4), 477-498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926509104024
Kress, G., & Leeuwen, T. V. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. Routledge.
Laurenzo, P. (2007). El modelo de protección penal de los inmigrantes: de víctimas a excluidos. Nuevo Foro Penal, 3(71), 67-91. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3823020.pdf
Martínez Lirola, M. (2017). Discursive legitimation of criminalization and victimization of sub-Saharan immigrants in Spanish El País and ABC newspapers. In Chovanec, J. & Molek-Kozakowska, K. (Eds.), Representing the other in the European Media Discourses (pp. 135–152). John Benjamins.
Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2017). Opinion Climates in Social Media: Blending Mass and Interpersonal Communication. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12118
O’Halloran, K. (2007). Critical Discourse Analysis and the Corpus-informed Interpretation of Metaphor at the Register Level. Applied Linguistics, 28(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml046
Oficina de Justificación de la Difusión (2012). Medios controlados. Retrieved 8 May 2022, from https://www.ojd.es/medios-controlados.
Oliver, K. (2017). Carceral humanitarianism: Logics of refugee detention. University of Minnesota.
Parker, S. (2015). ‘Unwanted invaders’: The representation of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK and Australian print media. eSharp, 23. 1-21.
Partington, A. (2004). “Utterly Content in Each Other’s Company”: Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9(1). 131-156. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.9.1.07par
Peter, J. (2004). Our Long ’Return to the Concept of Powerful Mass Media’-- A CrossNational Comparative Investigation of the Effects of Consonant Media Coverage. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 16(2), 144-168. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/16.2.144
Scott, M. (2012). WordSmith Tools [Version 6.0.]. Retrieved 3 March 2022, from http://www.lexically.net/wordsmith/downloads/.
Sinclair, J. (1996). The Search for Units of Meaning. Textus, 9(1). 75-106. https://doi.org/10.1400/23371
Sinclair, J. (1998). The lexical item. In Weigand, E. (Ed.), Contrastive Lexical Semantics(pp. 1-24). John Benjamins.
Stubbs, M. (2001). On inference theories and code theories: Corpus evidence for semantic schemas. Text - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 21(3), 437-465. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.2001.007
Stubbs, M. (2002). Two quantitative methods of studying phraseology in English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 7(2), 215-244. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.7.2.04stu
Taylor, S. (2001). The Importance of Human Rights Talk in Asylum Seeker Advocacy: A Response to Catherine Dauvergne. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 24(1), 191-199.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2021). Global report. Seventy year protecting people forced to flee. Retrieved 30 May 2022, from https://reporting.unhcr.org/globalreport2021/pdf#_ga=2.136129458.2066960499.1658333579-1189679525.1658333579.
Leeuwen, T. V. (2008). Discourse and Practice. New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford University Press.
Whitsitt, S. (2005). A critique of the concept of semantic prosody. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(3), 283-305. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.3.01whi
Xiao, R., & McEnery, T. (2006). Collocation, Semantic Prosody, and Near Synonymy: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Applied Linguistics, 27(1), 103-129. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami045
Autores/as
Soto Almela, J. ., & Alcaraz Mármol , G. . (2024). El discurso victimizador hacia los refugiados: estudio asistido por corpus de noticias sobre el movimiento de refugiados sirios. Logos: Revista De Lingüística, Filosofía Y Literatura, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.15443/RL3410
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
