DEL ANÁLISIS DEL MOVIMIENTO INTERNACIONAL DE CAPITALES A UNA TEORÍA DE LA EMPRESA MULTINACIONAL
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Tradicionalmente el estudio de los negocios internacionales se ha ocupado de analizar el conjunto de actividades y transacciones internacionales en las que se involucran las empresas. La clasificación como empresas internacionales o empresas multinacionales (EMN) se realiza dependiendo del control y el compromiso ejercido sobre sus operaciones en el exterior.
El estudio de la existencia, el desarrollo y los límites de la EMN como fenómeno económico inició a mediados del siglo XX con los aportes de Stephen Hymer, considerado el padre de los negocios internacionales, y de autores como Ronald Coase, Oliver Williamson, Raymon Vernon, Frederick Knickerbocker, Marc Casson, Peter Buckley y John Dunning, entre otros.
Este artículo busca hacer un recuento de algunos de los enfoques teóricos del análisis del movimiento internacional de capitales y el surgimiento y evolución de la EMN; para esto, inicialmente se hizo una revisión de los aportes de autores como Rosa Luxemburg, Bertil Ohlin y Ragnar Nurkse, posteriormente se discutió la trascendental contribución de Stephen Hymer, el modelo institucionalista de costos de transacción desarrollado por Ronald Coase y Oliver Williamson, la teoría de la internalización de la EMN de Peter Buckley y Marc Casson, y finalmente el llamado paradigma ecléctico de John Dunning.
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